THE INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY TO AFRICA HAD A GREAT EFFECT ON THE CONTINENT. OF PARTICULAR VALUE TO AFRICANS WAS THE CHRISTIAN VIEW OF LIFE AFTER DEATH, AN IDEA WHICH WAS WIDELY ACCEPTED AND ACCOUNTED FOR MANY COVERTS. IN OTHER AREAS NOT SO REVOLUTIONARY, CHRISTIANITY AND TRADITIONAL BELIEFS INTERACTED AND PRODUCED A NEW SET OF IDEAS.
Air freight is often used in the transport of goods between the United Kingdom and Western European destinations despite a well developed, competitive and generally much cheaper road groupage (consolidation) industry. In particular, until 1980, express road services with fast delivery times comparable to air do not appear to have made much impact on shippers. This paper examines some of the possible reasons for the continuing existence of a reasonably high level of demand for air freight to Western Europe from the United Kingdom. Air freight appears to be used mainly for the sake of urgency which is usually associated with transit time. This paper examines some of the other factors which may be taken into account by shippers when deciding between air and surface transport.
The biological and social factors which may interact to determine the level and pattern of fertility during the last decades of the reproductive life are complex, and because of the paucity of data, the mechanisms regulating fertility at late ages must in part remain speculative. This review focuses on two major questions. First, why is there a decline of fertility prior to the menopause? Second, why does reproduction cease at the menopause and what factors influence the age at which this occurs?
I should like to discuss both the demographic and public health implications of the matters which have arisen at this meeting.There are clearly some areas of consensus: we all agree that lactation is of fundamental importance, and that the birth interval is important, both for the health of the mother and child and with regard to fertility. Obviously, the longer the birth interval, the fewer births a woman will have during her reproductive life. A number of schemes were presented yesterday to show that in traditional societies with very long birth intervals there will be a reduced total fertility.
The idea of a "labour aristocracy" pervades writing about the British working class of the second half, and especially the third quarter of the nineteenth century. This emphasis is, in my view, correct: the behaviour and consciousness of working people cannot be explained without some such concept of divisions within the working class. But this proposition has too often been allowed to conclude, rather than to commence the enquiry. The fragmentation of the manual working class into different strata and sub-cultures may take several forms, and is bound to have local and industrial variations. In approaching the problem it is necessary to draw a clear distinction between differences in the class situation of various groups of workers, and the formation of separate working class strata – a cultural and political process. Three main levels of analysis are relevant to this problem: the stratification within the working class, in terms of class situations (relative earnings, security, prospects and opportunities, position of subordination or autonomy in the workplace, and so on); the extent to which various strata of manual workers were distinguished by the cultivation of particular styles of life, and by commitment to particular sets of norms and values; and the consequences of these for institutions embodying the interest of manual workers as a class (unions, parties, etc.) and for the patterning of conflict and consensus in the society.
